Selling Wholesale: Thinking about Costing and Pricing

One of the first challenges with any business is determining your pricing structure, and many businesses go under because they are not charging enough. If your marketing strategy is to be a low cost leader (think Walmart) this may work for you as the volume of sales will drive your revenue. But when starting a business, we're often think about any sales, not yet volume of sales.

The first step in determining pricing is to be knowledgeable of your costs. Be sure you have a clear knowledge of cost per unit when calculating your product costs.

For example, assume I make a necklace comprised of three simple pieces.  Piece A is available in units of 10 for $1. Piece B is available in units of 12 for $1. Piece C is available in single units for $1.  Your units costs are:

Piece A = $1/10 = $0.10
Piece B = $1/12 = $0.08
Piece C = $1/1 = $1.00

Now, assume the necklace needs 7 units of Piece A, 5 units of Piece B, and 3 units of Piece C.  Your products costs are:

Piece A = $0.10 x 7 = $0.70
Piece B = $0.08 x 5 = $0.40
Piece C = $1.00 x 3 = $3.00

Total cost = $4.10

But don't forget about labor and overhead costs.  Yes! You need to pay yourself! This example is going to assume $10 per hour labor, although I know your time is valued at much more than this!  Assume it takes 15 minutes to make one necklace. Total labor cost for one necklace is:

Labor = $10.00/4 = $2.50
Add product costs = $4.10
Total cost so far = $6.60

Then the dreaded overhead costs: rent, marketing, insurance, utilities, machinery.  For easy math, let's assume these costs equal $10.00 per day.  Total overhead cost to make one necklace per day is:

Overhead = $10.00
Add labor costs = $2.50
Add product costs = $4.10
Total cost so far = $16.60

Your wholesale price should be at least twice your costs.  Therefore:

Wholesale price = $16.60 x 2 = $33.20

Whoa!!!!! That's what I'm selling my necklace for as retail!!!! It is so easy to fall into this trap, because we know what a similar product may sell for in similar online shops, and even in our local department store. The online competitor may sell for $25.00 and the local department store for $15.00.  But, you say, mine is hand crafted with better quality items. Cost is not always a deciding factor with the customer, sometimes quality is.  But you still need to be competitive.  That's where selling wholesale can help you break even and become profitable.

Let's use the same example. You know you can make a single necklace in 15 minutes, but because of working in larger quantities, you can make 6 necklaces in one hour.  Now, your costs looks like this:

Product costs = $4.10 x 6 = $24.60
Labor costs = $10.00
Overhead costs = $10.00

Total costs = $44.60
Per unit cost = $44.60/6 = $7.43
Wholesale price = $7.43 x 2 = $14.86

Now you're competitive! The necklace can be sold for retail price of wholesale x 2 = $29.72, which I would round up to $30.00.

This is truly a contrived example, but it demonstrates what I like to call Economies of Time. We're familiar with Economies of Scale, in which buying larger quantities drives down the cost per unit.  With Economies of Time, doing repetitive tasks successively can help you to build speed, allowing your to accomplish more per units of time.

But I also use this example intentionally, as it's the model on which I base my pricing.  I sell my candles wholesale for $10 each, and cases of 12 for $120.  Pretty simple math.  But it takes just as long to make 12 candles as it does to make 1.  (Think preparing a batch of cookies then putting only one into the oven). I use Economies of Time to provide a 10% savings to the buyer if each case is one fragrance only.  I'm willing to pass my savings in time on to the buyer and sell one fragrance case for only $108.00.

Now, as someone just beginning to gain wholesale orders, I realize it will take some time for a buyer to want to buy an entire case of one fragrance. But I believe they will see this as an incentive as as they become more comfortable and intrigued with my product!

What also goes unsaid in this example, is the extra costs of supply inventory for unmade product. Using my batch of cookies example, when I only bake one cookie, I have not only excess flour, sugar, and butter (supply inventory) but excess unbaked cookie dough (product inventory). This carries a cost as well as the excess flour, sugar and butter are opened and will only be used when I make another batch (sunk costs), and I can't sell the dough until I bake again (inventory).

This week I encourage you to think about you can maximize your time by producing in larger quantities. Even in the example above, each necklace will be slightly different due to the natural variance in hand crafted items. But if our goal is to make money from our craft, we need to analyze the costs associated with our business.

I welcome your thoughts, feedback, and questions. Until then, happy sales!

Dorene

Etsy shop review - Katya of Katrinmania

Today I'm pleased to introduce to you Ekaterina Pavlolva (also known as Katya) of Katrinmaina. Please read more about her wonderful work here:

My name is Ekaterina, but all my friends call me Katya - it is shorter and everyone understands the spelling :)

I felt I could create something all my life, but I found myself as an artisan only two years ago when I attended felting workshop. We were going to "draw" the picture using the colorful wool. I took a piece of wool and....I fell in love deeply, completely and forever :)

Felted wall hanging - The Owl

Since that time I always "roll" something, because felting (wet felting) is a process including rolling the wool many-many times.

Felted brooch - Chysanthemum

It is difficult to say what exactly gives me creativity. I think it is something inside my mind -feelings... or an idea... 

It comes and sweeps you out of your feet suddenly and later you just see the result of it in your hands.. It can be a scarf or wall hanging or...both :)

There are a lot of examples in my etsy shop :)

The Indian Cress - felted wool necklace

My favorite item is this picture

Felted Still Art

You can find my products among my friends, relatives and since I`m on Etsy - my customers :)

Also some you can find in my web album:

https://picasaweb.google.com/KulikovaKatya/HandFeltedWool

Outside of Etsy I`m a housewife right now. I`m bringing up my daughter (she is 5), my son (he is 4 months) and my husband :)

You can also "like" me on facebook :)

http://www.facebook.com/pages/Katrinmania/358089880898546

Thank you so much for your time to read my Hamlet monologue and have a nice day :)

Katya

Selling Wholesale: Being Prepared

I began thinking about selling wholesale in early last summer. How I made that decision was based upon my desire, not only to get more product into stores, but to increase my revenue. Yet, for as much as I write about being prepared and making sound business decisions, once I entered the wholesale market, I found I was not as prepared for selling wholesale as I thought I was.

Here's how it started: I knew I needed more revenue. I know it's just as easy and no less time consuming to pour five candles as it is to pour one. So my logic at the time told me that if I could sell more candles, I could make more money! And working full time, I did not have the time to market my product, so why not find someone to do that for me?

But here are some issues I was struggling with:

• Branding - I wasn't happy with my branding. Like most entrepreneurs, I did not have a lot of revenue to invest in graphic design. But in my for me, much of my product line needs to be sold with graphic design. Until you can smell through your computer, I needed something else to help me sell my product.
• Inventory or financial management - I didn't have an inventory or financial management system. Yes, I promote the fact that I create my product at the time of order. And yes, I was keeping track of my revenue and expenses. But I did have a small inventory that I kept for craft shows and farmer's markets.
• Promotional materials - If you followed my newsletter series, you know how much I enjoy marketing. I didn't think developing promotional materials would be too big of a task.
• Policies - I had a vague thought in my head of $100 minimum orders and payment upon order, but that was it. I hadn't thought about policies for samples, shipping, order processing, returns....the list goes on and on.

I had approached some local stores before about selling my products. I had even sent sample tea lights and basic information. But I wasn't getting anywhere. When I found a site to place a free listing for representation, I decided, why not? 

So, imagine my surprise when two days later, a representative did in fact contact me about repping my line!

My wisdom to you today is to be prepared.  If you're struggling with an aspect or two of your business as it exists now, the problem will only magnify when your sales become larger. Take time out of your busy schedule now to identify a problem. Maybe you know you have an issue but can't identify exactly its cause. Or identify where you have an opportunity to do better. Then take time to think through how to resolve it. Reach out to other business owners if you need to. Ask for help from friends. But don't think that by waiting "until you get that large order" means you should avoid dealing with it now.

With Thanksgiving and the holiday shopping weekend ahead of us, I know many of you won't have as much time for my weekly business lessons. The next few weeks, we'll address each of the issues I listed and how they were resolved. If you have struggles with any of these problems or other issues and concerns, please let me know.  Let's work on them together over the next few weeks and start 2013 with a bang!